Puppies need a clean, warm, draft-free nesting area. The air temperature in their immediate vicinity should be 85 to 90 degrees for the first week and about 80 degrees during the next 3 to 4 weeks. By the time the pups are 6 weeks of age, temperature can be reduced to 70 degrees.

Temperature can be maintained with heat lamps, light bulbs, or heating pads covered with 3 to 4 layers of towels. Great care must be taken that the pups are not overheated during the first few days of life, when they are unable to move away from the heat source.

Clean newspaper is good bedding because it is easily disposed of. As pups begin to move around, newspaper should be replaced because it is slippery. Cloth bedding offers good footing and is washable.

Puppies may be fed by bottle or by stomach tube. Stomach tube feeding is much faster and especially handy with large litters. Many people, however, prefer to bottle-feed because of prolonged puppy contact. Your veterinarian or clinic staff can instruct you in either method of feeding.

Newborn puppies should be fed 3 to 4 times daily by tube feeding or 5 to 6 times daily by bottle feeding. At 2 weeks of age, 3 tube feedings or 4 bottle feedings are usually sufficient.

Puppies must be helped to urinate and defecate by gently stroking the genital area with a tissue or cottonball moistened with warm water after each feeding. Be persistant until they urinate or defecate.

Frequent crying or failure to gain weight indicates a problem. Call the doctor. In general, a pup should double its weight in 8 to 10 days. Overfeeding can be worse than slight underfeeding.

You can determine how much to feed an orphan pup by considering its daily caloric requirements. The total daily caloric requirements for pups under 4 weeks of age:

1st week 3.75 calories/ounce of body weight daily

2nd week 4.50 calories/ounce of body weight daily

3rd week 5.00 calories/ounce of body weight daily

4th week 5.50 calories/ounce of body weight daily

In general, milk substitutes contain around 1 calorie per mL.

Solid foods should be introduced at 3 weeks of age. Pan-feed a thin gruel made by blending good quality puppy food with bitch\'s milk formula. Gradually thicken the gruel until no milk substitute is used at about 6 weeks of age. At this time, the pups should be offered good-quality puppy food 3 times daily.